ABSTRACT
A 10-year-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted for recurrent signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary bladder ultrasonography revealed decreased thickness of its wall with floating hyperopic particles within its lumen. Ultrasonography revealed a structure invading the dorsal wall of the penile urethral lumen, located in a segment distal to the bladder. Radiographies showed bone resorption with proliferation at the caudal aspect of the penile bone, stricture of the final aspect of the penile urethra, and no radiopaque images compatible with a urethrolith. Computed tomography showed bone proliferation causing stricture of the urethral lumen at two different sites. Presumptive diagnosis of penile neoplasia was considered more likely and the dog underwent penectomy along with orchiectomy and scrotal urethrostomy. Enterobacter spp. was cultured from the urine sample and antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the bacterium was susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem. Histopathology revealed severe suppurative urethritis, bone resorption, and hyperostosis, suggestive of osteomyelitis of the penile bone. Neoplastic cells were not observed at any part of the examined tissue. The findings in the present case suggest that osteomyelitis of the penile bone should be included in differential diagnosis for partial and complete urethral obstruction in dogs with recurrent UTI.(AU)
Um cão mestiço, com 10 anos, foi admitido por sinais recorrentes de infecção do trato urinário (ITU). A ultrassonografia da bexiga urinária revelou diminuição da espessura de sua parede com partículas flutuantes dentro de seu lúmen. A ultrassonografia demonstrou estrutura invadindo a parede dorsal do lúmen da uretra peniana, localizada em segmento distal à bexiga. Radiografias evidenciaram reabsorção óssea com proliferação no aspecto caudal do osso peniano, estenose do aspecto final da uretra peniana e ausência de imagens radiopacas compatíveis com uretrólito. Pela tomografia computadorizada, observou-se proliferação óssea causando estreitamento da luz uretral em dois locais diferentes. Diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasia peniana foi considerado mais provável e o cão foi submetido à penectomia, juntamente com orquiectomia e uretrostomia escrotal. Enterobacter spp. foi cultivada da amostra de urina e testes de sensibilidade revelaram susceptibilidade ao amicacina, imipenem e ao meropenem. A histopatologia revelou uretrite supurativa grave, reabsorção óssea e hiperostose compatível com osteomielite do osso peniano. Células neoplásicas não foram observadas em nenhuma parte do tecido examinado. Os achados do presente caso sugerem que a osteomielite do osso peniano deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de obstrução uretral parcial e completa em cães com ITU recorrente.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Dogs , Osteomyelitis/veterinary , Penis , Urethritis/veterinary , Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary , Enterobacter , Bone and Bones , Bone Resorption , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Abstract The production of KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) is the major mechanism of resistance to carbapenem agents in enterobacterias. In this context, forty KPC-producing Enterobacter spp. clinical isolates were studied. It was evaluated the activity of antimicrobial agents: polymyxin B, tigecycline, ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem, and was performed a comparison of the methodologies used to determine the susceptibility: broth microdilution, Etest® (bioMérieux), Vitek 2® automated system (bioMérieux) and disc diffusion. It was calculated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each antimicrobial and polymyxin B showed the lowest concentrations for broth microdilution. Errors also were calculated among the techniques, tigecycline and ertapenem were the antibiotics with the largest and the lower number of discrepancies, respectively. Moreover, Vitek 2® automated system was the method most similar compared to the broth microdilution. Therefore, is important to evaluate the performance of new methods in comparison to the reference method, broth microdilution.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , beta-Lactamases/genetics , beta-Lactams/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Enterobacter/drug effects , Enterobacter/genetics , Enterobacter/isolation & purification , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classification , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Polymyxin B/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A maize rhizosphere isolate was phenotypically and genotypically characterized and identifed as Enterobacter spp. bacterium. Germinated seeds were inoculated, the plantlets were sown in vermiculite and in soil and grown under laboratory and feld conditions, respectively. The adherence, colonization and plant growth promotion capability of Enterobacter sp. UAPS03001 was evaluated in "Rojo-Criollo" maize under laboratory conditions. Twenty days after inoculation, the treated plantlets showed larger biomass than non-inoculated ones. In feld grown plants, the kernel biomass was also greater in inoculated than in non-inoculated plants. The inoculation of maize sprouts with plant growth- promoting bacteria before their sowing in the feld would be an alternative practice for achieving successful yield in temporal agriculture.
En este trabajo se aisló una bacteria de la rizósfera de maíz, que fue caracterizada mediante métodos fenotípicos y genotípicos e identifcada como Enterobacter sp. UAPS03001. La bacteria fue inoculada en semillas de maíz "Rojo-Criollo" germinadas en forma axénica. Las semillas germinadas e inoculadas se plantaron en vermiculita y posteriormente las plántulas fueron cultivadas en vermiculita o en suelo, para evaluar el efecto promotor del crecimiento vegetal de dicha bacteria, bajo condiciones de laboratorio y de campo. Bajo condiciones de laboratorio, también se evaluó la capacidad de esta cepa para adherirse a las plantas de maíz y colonizarlas. Veinte días después de la inoculación, las plántulas inoculadas mostraron una biomasa mayor con referencia a las no inoculadas. En campo, la biomasa de la mazorca fue también mayor en las plantas inoculadas respecto de las plantas no inoculadas. La inoculación de germinados de maíz con una bacteria promotora del crecimiento vegetal y su posterior transferencia a campo podría ser una práctica alternativa para llevar a cabo una producción exitosa en agricultura de temporal.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Inoculants/physiology , Agriculture/methods , Enterobacter/physiology , Zea mays/microbiology , Bacterial Adhesion , Biomass , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterobacter/drug effects , Enterobacter/isolation & purification , Germination , Rhizosphere , Soil Microbiology , Seedlings/growth & development , Seedlings/microbiology , Seeds/physiology , Zea mays/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the presence and levels of microbes in unexpired pasteurized milk from randomly selected supermarkets in Kingston, Jamaica. Methods: The quantitative study used a stratified random sampling technique in the selection of the 20 representative milk samples from six (6) supermarkets. Microbiological tests such as methylene blue reduction, standard plate count (SPC), coliform plate count (CPC), purity plate culture, gram staining and biochemical tests were performed to examine the microbes in purchased unexpired pasteurized milk. Results: One sample (BCr016) had a pH of 4.0, a rancid odour and curdled appearance. It decolourized within one hour during the methylene blue reduction test and was classified as class 4 milk. Seven of the samples were sterile with no microbe growth on the plate count agar and violet red bile salt agar (VRBA). The milk samples that appeared to be safe for consumption were all 10, 11, 12 and 13 days before expiration. The VRBA sample BCr016, had a colony count of 13 400 CFU/ mL. There was the presence of Escherichia coli in sample LCr021 which had a standard plate count of 1 580 SPC/mL and a coliform count of 500 CFU/mL. Enterobacter sp. was present in colonies from BCr016 and all the other milk samples. Conclusions: Unacceptable levels of Enterobacter spp. and Escherichiacoli were found in most of the samples. Effective measures to ensure safe milk for human consumption such as the phosphatase test and methylene blue reduction test should be routinely performed on each batch of milk processed by dairy plants.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the presence and levels of microbes in unexpired pasteurized milk from randomly selected supermarkets in Kingston, Jamaica.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The quantitative study used a stratified random sampling technique in the selection of the 20 representative milk samples from six (6) supermarkets. Microbiological tests such as methylene blue reduction, standard plate count (SPC), coliform plate count (CPC), purity plate culture, gram staining and biochemical tests were performed to examine the microbes in purchased unexpired pasteurized milk.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One sample (BCr016) had a pH of 4.0, a rancid odour and curdled appearance. It decolourized within one hour during the methylene blue reduction test and was classified as class 4 milk. Seven of the samples were sterile with no microbe growth on the plate count agar and violet red bile salt agar (VRBA). The milk samples that appeared to be safe for consumption were all 10, 11, 12 and 13 days before expiration. The VRBA sample BCr016, had a colony count of 13 400 CFU/ mL. There was the presence of Escherichia coli in sample LCr021 which had a standard plate count of 1 580 SPC/mL and a coliform count of 500 CFU/mL. Enterobacter sp. was present in colonies from BCr016 and all the other milk samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Unacceptable levels of Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli were found in most of the samples. Effective measures to ensure safe milk for human consumption such as the phosphatase test and methylene blue reduction test should be routinely performed on each batch of milk processed by dairy plants.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Colony Count, Microbial , Developing Countries , Food Microbiology , Jamaica , Milk , MicrobiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Among the inducible AmpC beta-lactamase-producing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Morganella morganii (ECSM), the prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates are increasing. However, there have been only a limited number of studies that have investigated the prevalence for ESBL-production in blood isolates of these organisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study to evaluate the prevalence for ESBL production among ECSM blood isolates. All consecutive blood isolates in the Samsung Medical Center were included from Oct 2006 to Mar 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by broth microdilution method. ESBLs were confirmed by double-disk synergy test and ESBL phenotypes were determined by PCR. RESULTS: The 124 isolates (94 Enterobacter spp., 18 Citrobacter spp., 8 Serratia spp. and 4 Morganella spp.) were investigated. Among 124 ESCM isolates, 30 isolates (24.2%) showed ESBL-producing activity. Derepressed or partially derepressed AmpC mutants and derepressed AmpC mutants with ESBL production accounted for 36.3% (45/124) and 16.9% (21/124), respectively. Of ESBL producers, the most prevalent ESBL was SHV-12 (5/24, 20.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates is high in Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter spp. clinical isolates. It suggested that routine screening test for ESBLs among Enterobacteriacae blood isolates with inducible AmpC beta-lactamase should be needed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bacterial Proteins , beta-Lactamases , Citrobacter , Enterobacter , Enterobacteriaceae , Mass Screening , Morganella , Morganella morganii , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Serratia , Serratia marcescensABSTRACT
Enterobacter spp. es un patógeno intrahospitalario que presenta múltiples mecanismos de resistencia a los antibióticos b-lactámicos. Se caracterizaron fenotípica y genotípicamente las diferentes b-lactamasas presentes en 27 aislamientos consecutivos e ininterrumpidos de Enterobacter spp. (25 Enterobacter cloacae y 2 Enterobacter aerogenes). También se evaluó la habilidad de diferentes métodos fenotípicos para detectar b-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en estos microorganismos. En 15/27 aislamientos (63%) se observó resistencia a las cefalosporinas de tercera generación. En 12 de los aislamientos resistentes se detectó un alto nivel de producción de cefalosporinasa cromosómica, siendo 6 de ellos también productores de PER-2. Dicha resistencia en los 3 aislamientos restantes se debió exclusivamente a la presencia de BLEE, PER-2 en 2 de ellos y CTX-M-2 en un caso. Sólo CTX-M-2 se detectó con todas las cefalosporinas probadas en los ensayos de sinergia, utilizando el método de difusión, mientras que cefepima mejoró la detección de PER-2 en 7/8 aislamientos productores de esta BLEE, 4/8 utilizando la prueba de doble disco y 7/8 comparando discos de cefepima con y sin el agregado de ácido clavulánico. El método de dilución empleado solo detectó 1/9 BLEE al comparar las cefalosporinas con y sin el agregado de inhibidor.
Enterobacter spp. are becoming increasingly frequent nosocomial pathogens with multiple resistance mechanism to b-lactam antibiotics. We carried out the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of beta-lactamases in 27 Enterobacter spp. (25 Enterobacter cloacae y 2 Enterobacter aerogenes), as well as the ability of different extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) screening methods. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins was observed in 15/27 (63%) isolates. Twelve resistant isolates produced high level chromosomal encoded AmpC b-lactamase; 6 of them were also producers of PER-2. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins in the remaining 3 isolates was due to the presence of ESBLs, PER-2 in 2 cases, and CTX-M-2 in the other. Only CTX-M-2 production was detected with all tested cephalosporins using difusion synergy tests, while cefepime improved ESBLs detection in 7/8 PER-2 producers, 4/8 in the inhibitor aproximation test and 7/8 with double disk test using cefepime containing disk with and without clavulanic acid. Dilution method, including cephalosporins with and without the inhibitor detected 1/9 ESBLs producers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cephalosporin Resistance , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Enterobacter aerogenes/drug effects , Enterobacter cloacae/drug effects , Cephalosporin Resistance/genetics , Cephalosporins/classification , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Enterobacter aerogenes/enzymology , Enterobacter aerogenes/genetics , Enterobacter cloacae/enzymology , Enterobacter cloacae/genetics , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Genotype , Isoelectric Point , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phenotype , beta-Lactamases/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in enterobacteria that possess inducible Bush group 1 chromosomal beta-lactamases is being increasingly reported worldwide. The current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards documents do not indicate the tests that should be used for the detection of ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae except Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli. We determined the occurrence and detection of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. METHODS: One hundred fifty-six consecutive, non-repeated isolates of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., and Serratia marcescens were collected. These isolates were performed broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility test, Vitek ESBL detection test, and double disk synergy (DDS) test. All the DDS-positive strains were tested PCR amplification of the blaTEM and blaSHV alleles. RESULTS: S. marcescens (27.3%) was the most frequently isolated ESBL producers followed by E. cloacae (23.8%), E. aerogenes (18.2%), C. freundii (13.3%), and P. mirabilis (8.3%). Among the total of 30 isolates that were considered ESBL producers, the Vitek ESBL detection test was positive for 26 (86.7%) strains. The genotypes of ESBLs were predominently SHV type (10 isolates) followed by others (8 isolates), SHV and TEM (7 isolates), and TEM type (5 isolates). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that 19.2% of all Enterobacteriaceae except E. coli and Klebsiella spp. tested produced ESBLs. The Vitek ESBL detection test seems to be a useful test to identify ESBL-producing strains of C. freundii, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., and S. marcescens isolates.